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Solanum aviculare

G.Forst. (1786)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Genus: Solanum

kangaroo apple

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Soft–wooded shrubs up to 2 m tall, straggly with age, with intraxylary phloem.

Stems: Stems angular with raised lines, glabrous except for minute simple and glandular hairs on young shoots and corolla tips, unarmed.

Roots: Fibrous root system.

Leaves: Leaves simple, sometimes pinnatisect (divided nearly to the midrib). Alternate. Blades greatly variable in shape, lobed leaves broadly elliptic to ovate in outline, 3–11–lobed, sinuses rounded, cut to within 1 cm of midvein, lobes lanceolate or long–triangular, 1–10 cm long, 1–2 cm wide; entire leaves lanceolate–elliptic, lobed leaves to 15–30 cm long, 10–15 cm wide, entire leaves up to 10 cm long and 2 cm wide. Lobed leaves with leaf and lobe apex acute to acuminate; entire leaves apex acute to acuminate. Base entire leaves base cuneate, oblique. Simple hairs, unarmed. Margins entire. Petioles 1–1.5 cm long. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers few to 10 in scorpioid cymes in the leaf axils or stem forks, often branched near the base with a pedicellate flower in fork, peduncle usually absent, pedicels 1.5–2 cm long. Flowers bisexual (perfect), actinomorphic. Calyx campanulate, 3–4 mm long, the lobes bluntly triangular. Corolla bluish violet, rotate–stellate, 3–4 cm in diameter, shallowly campanulate and often facing downward. Stamens (4)5, inserted on corolla tube, alternate with corolla lobes; filaments thick, ca. 3 mm long; anthers dithecal, oblong, ca. 4 mm long, opening by apical pores developing into short slits. Ovary superior, 2-celled, 2(3–4)-carpellate, placentation axile; ovules numerous, broadly conical, glabrous; style 1, erect, weakly sigmoid, glabrous; stigma terminal, 2-lobed.

Fruit: Berries bright orangish red to scarlet; succulent; obovoid to ellipsoid; pendent; up to 2 cm long; 1–1.5 cm in diameter. Seeds numerous; reddish brown; lenticular; ca. 1.5 mm long; finely reticulate; compressed; embryo curved; submarginal; endosperm present; stone cell masses rounded; 1–1.5 mm long; not conspicuous.

Ploidy: 2n = 46; 48; 92; 96

Habitat: Ridges and summits in wet forest.

Elevation Range: ca. 840 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

  • Yes

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Lana'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Specimens

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Bibliography

Name Published In: Pl. Esc.: 42 (1786)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1269 (L)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Scientific Name Authorship Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Maunaloa, Maunaloa, HI, US Cleared site PRESERVED_SPECIMEN H. L. Oppenheimer, K. M. Bustamente & T. Portner H71203 Oahu HAPI 7/19/2012
2 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. kalulu, at junction of kaiholena and main ridge edge of forest by rain guage PRESERVED_SPECIMEN sakimura, k. collector number: s.n. Lanai BISH 10/30/1955
3 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. lanaihale, nw sparingly naturalized among shrubs PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. degener, i. collector number: 35647 Lanai BISH 1/7/1964
4 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Kalulu, at junction of Kaiholena and main ridge edge of forest by rain guage PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Sakimura, K. s.n. Lanai BISH 10/30/1955
5 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Lanaihale, NW sparingly naturalized among shrubs PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 35647 Lanai BISH 1/7/1964
6 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Munro Trail, summit shrubby forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 26856 Lanai BISH 1/18/1960
7 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. adjacent to munro trail, between head of kapohaku gulch and honoumi gulch, across from old fog drip station, in recently cleared site. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. l. oppenheimer, k. m. bustamente & t. portner h71203 MIN 7/19/2012
8 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. northwest of lanaihale, lanai. Among shrubs PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 35647 NY 1/7/1964
9 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Lanai. Adjacent to Munro Trail, between head of Kapohaku Gulch and Honoumi gulch, across from old fog drip station, in recently cleared site. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN H. Oppenheimer H71203 NY 7/19/2012
10 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. lanai. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 34863 NY 9/5/1963
11 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Adjacent to Munro Trail, between head of Kapohaku Gulch and Honoumi gulch, across from old fog drip station, in recently cleared site. Cleared site of mostly bare soil. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H71203 Lanai PTBG 7/19/2012
12 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Adjacent to Munro Trail, between head of Kapohaku Gulch and Honoumi Gulch, across from old fog drip station, in recently cleared site. Dense thicket PRESERVED_SPECIMEN H. L. Oppenheimer, K. M. Bustamente & T. Portner H71203 Lanai US 7/19/2012
13 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. munro trail PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener, e. desha & a. lawrence 26856 Lanai US 1/18/1960
14 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Adjacent to Munro Trail, between head of Kapohaku Gulch and Honoumi Gulch, across from old fog drip station, in recently cleared site. Cleared site PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H. L.; Bustamente, K. M.; Portner, T. H71203 Lanai US 7/19/2012
15 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. adjacent to munro trail, between head of kapohaku gulch and honoumi gulch, across from old fog drip station, in recently cleared site. Cleared site PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. l. oppenheimer, k. m. bustamente & t. portner h71203 Lanai US 7/19/2012
16 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Adjacent to Munro Trail, between head of Kapohaku Gulch and Honoumi Gulch, across from old fog drip station, in recently cleared site. Dense thicket PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H. L.; Bustamente, K. M.; Portner, T. H71203 Lanai US 7/19/2012
17 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Adjacent to Munro Trail, between head of Kapohaku Gulch and Honoumi Gulch, across from old fog drip station, in recently cleared site. Cleared site PRESERVED_SPECIMEN H. L. Oppenheimer, K. M. Bustamente & T. Portner H71203 Lanai US 7/19/2012
18 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. kalulu, at junction of kaiholena and main ridge. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN k. sakimura s. n. Oahu US 10/30/1955
19 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Adjacent to Munro Trail, betw head of Kapohaku Gulch and Honoumi Gulch, across from old fog drip station Recently cleared site formerly dense thicket of Psidium cattleianum and planted Araucaria, now mostly bare soil with small but expanding Dicranopteris patches PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H71203 Lanai BISH 7/19/2012
20 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Kalulu, at junction of Kaiholena and main ridge. Edge of forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Sakimura, K. s. n. Oahu US 10/30/1955
21 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. lanai. adjacent to munro trail, between head of kapohaku gulch and honoumi gulch, across from old fog drip station, in recently cleared site. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. oppenheimer h71203 Kauai US 7/19/2012
22 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Munro Trail PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.; Desha, E. J.; Lawrence, A. 26856 Lanai US 1/18/1960
23 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Munro Trail open rain forest at top; PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 24222 Lanai BISH 8/13/1957
24 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. munro trail, summit Moderately dry open woods PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. desha, e.; lawrence, a. collector number: 26856 Hawaii BISH 1/18/1960
25 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. munro trail open rain forest at top; PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. degener, i.; desha, e. collector number: 24222 Lanai BISH 8/13/1957
26 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Puna district, Hawaiian Beaches subdivision, 100' from coast Dense thicket PRESERVED_SPECIMEN H. L. Oppenheimer, K. M. Bustamente & T. Portner H71203 Hawaii HAPI 7/19/2012
27 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Maunaloa, Maunaloa, HI, US Cleared site PRESERVED_SPECIMEN H. L. Oppenheimer, K. M. Bustamente & T. Portner H71203 Oahu HAPI 7/19/2012
28 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. kalulu, at junction of kaiholena and main ridge edge of forest by rain guage PRESERVED_SPECIMEN sakimura, k. collector number: s.n. Lanai BISH 10/30/1955
29 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. lanaihale, nw sparingly naturalized among shrubs PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. degener, i. collector number: 35647 Lanai BISH 1/7/1964
30 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Kalulu, at junction of Kaiholena and main ridge edge of forest by rain guage PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Sakimura, K. s.n. Lanai BISH 10/30/1955
31 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Lanaihale, NW sparingly naturalized among shrubs PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 35647 Lanai BISH 1/7/1964
32 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Munro Trail, summit shrubby forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 26856 Lanai BISH 1/18/1960
33 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. adjacent to munro trail, between head of kapohaku gulch and honoumi gulch, across from old fog drip station, in recently cleared site. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. l. oppenheimer, k. m. bustamente & t. portner h71203 MIN 7/19/2012
34 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. northwest of lanaihale, lanai. Among shrubs PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 35647 NY 1/7/1964
35 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Lanai. Adjacent to Munro Trail, between head of Kapohaku Gulch and Honoumi gulch, across from old fog drip station, in recently cleared site. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN H. Oppenheimer H71203 NY 7/19/2012
36 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. lanai. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 34863 NY 9/5/1963
37 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Adjacent to Munro Trail, between head of Kapohaku Gulch and Honoumi gulch, across from old fog drip station, in recently cleared site. Cleared site of mostly bare soil. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H71203 Lanai PTBG 7/19/2012
38 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Adjacent to Munro Trail, between head of Kapohaku Gulch and Honoumi Gulch, across from old fog drip station, in recently cleared site. Dense thicket PRESERVED_SPECIMEN H. L. Oppenheimer, K. M. Bustamente & T. Portner H71203 Lanai US 7/19/2012
39 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. munro trail PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener, e. desha & a. lawrence 26856 Lanai US 1/18/1960
40 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Adjacent to Munro Trail, between head of Kapohaku Gulch and Honoumi Gulch, across from old fog drip station, in recently cleared site. Cleared site PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H. L.; Bustamente, K. M.; Portner, T. H71203 Lanai US 7/19/2012
41 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. adjacent to munro trail, between head of kapohaku gulch and honoumi gulch, across from old fog drip station, in recently cleared site. Cleared site PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. l. oppenheimer, k. m. bustamente & t. portner h71203 Lanai US 7/19/2012
42 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Adjacent to Munro Trail, between head of Kapohaku Gulch and Honoumi Gulch, across from old fog drip station, in recently cleared site. Dense thicket PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H. L.; Bustamente, K. M.; Portner, T. H71203 Lanai US 7/19/2012
43 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Adjacent to Munro Trail, between head of Kapohaku Gulch and Honoumi Gulch, across from old fog drip station, in recently cleared site. Cleared site PRESERVED_SPECIMEN H. L. Oppenheimer, K. M. Bustamente & T. Portner H71203 Lanai US 7/19/2012
44 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. kalulu, at junction of kaiholena and main ridge. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN k. sakimura s. n. Oahu US 10/30/1955
45 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Adjacent to Munro Trail, betw head of Kapohaku Gulch and Honoumi Gulch, across from old fog drip station Recently cleared site formerly dense thicket of Psidium cattleianum and planted Araucaria, now mostly bare soil with small but expanding Dicranopteris patches PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H71203 Lanai BISH 7/19/2012
46 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Kalulu, at junction of Kaiholena and main ridge. Edge of forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Sakimura, K. s. n. Oahu US 10/30/1955
47 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. lanai. adjacent to munro trail, between head of kapohaku gulch and honoumi gulch, across from old fog drip station, in recently cleared site. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. oppenheimer h71203 Kauai US 7/19/2012
48 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Munro Trail PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.; Desha, E. J.; Lawrence, A. 26856 Lanai US 1/18/1960
49 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Munro Trail open rain forest at top; PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 24222 Lanai BISH 8/13/1957
50 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. munro trail, summit Moderately dry open woods PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. desha, e.; lawrence, a. collector number: 26856 Hawaii BISH 1/18/1960
51 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. munro trail open rain forest at top; PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. degener, i.; desha, e. collector number: 24222 Lanai BISH 8/13/1957
52 Solanum aviculare G.Forst. Puna district, Hawaiian Beaches subdivision, 100' from coast Dense thicket PRESERVED_SPECIMEN H. L. Oppenheimer, K. M. Bustamente & T. Portner H71203 Hawaii HAPI 7/19/2012
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